Alternative marine fuels: Prospects based on multi-criteria decision analysis involving Swedish stakeholders

This study evaluates seven alternative marine fuels for 2030, comparing them against heavy fuel oil. Using multi-criteria analysis, it considers economic, environmental, technical, and social factors, alongside stakeholder preferences. Shipowners and industry actors favour LNG and HFO due to cost, while Swedish authorities prioritise low emissions and regulation compliance, ranking renewable hydrogen highest. The findings highlight the need for policy support to accelerate renewable fuel adoption in shipping.